High in America

  The True Story Behind NORML and the Politics of Marijuana

    Patrick Anderson

  Chapter 2

    Keith Stroup, who would in time become Mr. Marijuana, had a boyhood as American as apple pie. Born two days after Christmas 1943, he grew up on his parents' 160-acre farm on the outskirts of the hamlet of Dix, in Southern Illinois. His parents, Vera and Russell Stroup, were hard-working, God-fearing people, pillars of their community. Russell Stroup's people had farmed in the area, but by the 1950s he was a successful building contractor who drove a Lincoln Continental and was the area's unofficial Republican political leader. Vera Stroup's parents, Irvin and Effie Hawley, lived nearby. Irvin had been a miner—in time he died of black lung—and Effie worked in a dress factory and spent her weekends quilting. As a boy Stroup loved to go squirrel hunting with Grandfather Hawley, who always made a point of saving the squirrel heads, which were considered a great delicacy when cooked, for his grandsons.
    Keith had a brother, Larry, who was exactly one year older, and the two boys were expected to work hard at home and in their father's construction company. If they didn't, or if they missed Sunday school or talked back to their parents, Russell Stroup was quick to whip off his belt and administer fast, firm discipline. He believed in the age-old admonition about sparing the rod and spoiling the child. The elder Stroups were Southern Baptists, fundamentalists who in theory opposed drinking, smoking, dancing, and related worldliness, although in practice Russell Stroup liked a drink now and then, a fact that grieved his wife. Vera Stroup was the more zealous of the two. She was a cheerful, rather shy woman who believed that truth and salvation were to be found in the Good Book, strictly interpreted, and who used her considerable strength of character to see that her husband and sons lived by its admonitions.
    Both Stroup boys grew up in the church, often winning gold stars for their perfect attendance at Sunday school, but their behavior was often far from perfect. Like other boys of that time and place, they sometimes shot cats, blew up mailboxes with cherry bombs, got in fights, and avoided their chores, and once, when they were in their early teens, a solemn delegation appeared at the Stroup home: the local Baptist minister, a touring evangelist, and several stalwarts of the Pleasant Hill Baptist Church. Russell Stroup ordered his sons onto their knees. The visitors had come to pray for the two boys, whose behavior of late had put the future of their souls in doubt. The brothers were horrified to find themselves surrounded by weeping, chanting, praying adults. The Baptist religion was increasingly a social embarrassment to Keith, although he could not reveal that awful fact to his parents. Church continued to be central to his life, particularly the tent revivals that came to town twice a year and were a much-awaited highlight of community life. Years later, when Stroup had become Mr. Marijuana and was preaching his own version of hellfire-and-damnation on the college lecture circuit, he would laugh at how much he had learned from those backwoods evangelists who had saved his soul twice yearly in his youth.
    From boyhood, the Stroup brothers exhibited very different personalities. Larry was an excellent student who married his high-school sweetheart, became a successful businessman, and was always comfortable with the Baptist Church, the Midwest, his parents, and his father's political conservatism—with everything, in short, against which his younger brother would rebel. In later years Larry thought he was what Keith had rebelled against, that since he, the older brother, had been a conformist, Keith had been forced to become a rebel to gain attention and to carve out a separate identity for himself.
    Keith always thought he had been rebelling against what he saw as his father's strict discipline, and, beyond that, against the hypocrisy and oppression of his hometown and his church. Russell Stroup, when his younger son shocked the family by becoming a marijuana lobbyist, thought that the boy had taken after his mother, that he had inherited her moral zeal but had applied it to a quite different social standard. Vera Stroup, for her part, didn't think Keith resembled her to any great degree. She really didn't know how to explain his behavior (nor did she ever stop praying that he would return to the teachings of the Church), but she suspected that the turning point had come when he was thirteen and left his hometown of Dix to confront the temptations of Mount Vernon, Illinois, the nearby city where he attended high school.
    The move from the little elementary school in Dix to the high school in Mount Vernon was in fact traumatic for Keith. He had grown up as a leader in Dix, but when he started riding the bus to his new school, he discovered that his status had abruptly changed. The Mount Vernon kids who were the social elite of the high school looked down their noses at the country kids who rode the yellow buses in from places like Dix. They viewed the bus riders as farm kids, hillbillies, people of no social consequence. Stroup was indeed a farm boy, but an ambitious one, and he moved quickly to solve the crisis in his young life. Rather than be stigmatized by emerging from the school bus each morning, he simply quit riding the bus and began hitchhiking the ten miles to school each day.
    It was Stroup's first effort at image-making, at setting himself apart from the crowd, and it was a success. He was bright and articulate as well as ambitious, and he soon won the social acceptance he so badly wanted. He was voted into Mount Vernon's exclusive "teen club"; in time he was elected a class officer, dating prom queens, and hanging out in the Mount Vernon pool hall with the high school's "in" crowd. Sometimes he even visited the local country club, to which some of his new friends belonged.
    As he spent more and more time with his new friends in Mount Vernon, Stroup was increasingly embarrassed by his home, by his father's poor grammar and his mother's religious fervor. He was embarrassed, too, when he visited his new friends' homes and realized how much he didn't know about art and music, or when he went to dinner at the country club and confronted the classic uncertainties over which fork to use. He had by then offended his parents by leaving the Pleasant Hill Baptist Church, near Dix, to attend a Methodist church in Mount Vernon—the move was social, not theological—and it would have hurt them more if they'd known he and his friends soon quit going to church at all.
    His parents of course resented the amount of time he spent with his new friends in Mount Vernon. His mother was upset when he and some friends were stopped by the police for driving a car in someone's yard and were required to wash police cars for several Saturday mornings. To the boys, of course, that "punishment" was a badge of honor. His parents understood that their younger son was rejecting their values, their culture, and it pained and angered them. 'What's wrong with you?" his father once demanded. "We're country people and we're proud of it. Why isn't Dix good enough for you?" There was, of course, no answer to the question, except the universal, unutterable truth: It just isn't.
    Keith Stroup grew up resenting his father's strict discipline and his lack of social polish, but the fact remained that he learned his politics from him. Russell Stroup had for years been Dix's most active Republican. He was a stocky, white-haired, long-winded man, a classic courthouse politician, a horse trader, a teller of tales, the country bumpkin who invariably outfoxes the city slicker. For years he kept on good terms with the district's Republican congressman, and he was at least on speaking terms with Sen. Everett Dirksen. In 1968 Russell Stroup would reach the pinnacle of a lifetime of party loyalty as one of a group of downstate Republican leaders called to Chicago for a personal meeting with candidate Richard Nixon.
    In the little town of Dix, Russell Stroup talked up Republican candidates, handed out their campaign literature, gave them advice on local matters, and in return had a measure of influence with them and their staffs. When a farmer wanted his road blacktopped, or when two aspirants sought one postmastership, it was to Russell Stroup that they appealed for a political boost. When the family visited Washington during Keith's teenage years, they rated VIP treatment on Capitol Hill and a tour of the White House—routine constituent treatment by Capitol Hill standards but dazzling to a family from Dix, Illinois. And as Russell Stroup's construction business flourished in the late 1950s, his custom of holding fish fries had grown into an annual summer event to which hundreds of friends and political associates were invited. Years later Stroup would joke that those fish fries had inspired the annual NORML conference parties, to which everyone who was anyone in his world was invited.
    His father's political involvement affected him in another important way. Russell Stroup had a friend named Frank Walker, a Mount Vernon lawyer and a state representative. When Walker ran unsuccessfully for Congress, the elder Stroup was his campaign manager. Frank Walker was the most impressive man Keith knew in those days, and it was his example that made him decide, while still in high school, that he wanted to be a lawyer; or, more precisely, that being a lawyer was the best route to the money and social status he saw as his goals in life.
    Stroup's final break with his parents came just a few nights after he graduated from high school—third in his class of three hundred. He and some friends had started meeting weekly to play poker and drink a few beers. They'd held their poker parties in the other boys' houses, and Stroup thought he'd received his parents' permission to hold one at their house. Perhaps he had, but around midnight, when the laughter became too loud, his parents came down from their bedroom and ordered his friends to leave at once—his mother in tears, his father shouting, both outraged that he had brought drinking and gambling into their home. Stroup, equally outraged, left with his friends. He hitchhiked to Yellowstone National Park, found a job, and didn't return home—or bother to tell his parents where he was—until Labor Day. After a brief, tense reunion with his parents, he was off to the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. It was the fall of 1961.
    Stroup's first step in college, like that of any ambitious young man of that era, was to join a fraternity. He lacked the connections or social graces to be invited into one of the Big Three fraternities—he arrived at college sporting an elaborate flattop haircut—but he joined Theta Chi, which prided itself on being one of the top ten of the forty-odd fraternities on campus. He let his hair grow out and was chosen social chairman of his pledge class, and soon he was busy with the two great preoccupations of frat boys in those days: dating sorority girls and drinking beer. At the end of his sophomore year Stroup was elected vice-president of Theta Chi for the next year. It was a great honor. It meant he had a shot at being president of his fraternity, and perhaps an officer of the interfraternity council. He was on his way to being a certified Big Man on Campus.
    Still, there were problems. One was money. His father's construction company had failed a few years earlier. The family farm had to be sold to pay debts, and Vera Stroup took a job as a nurse's aide. Russell Stroup went to work as a federal housing official—a reward from the Republican party for years of faithful service. What all this meant to Keith was that he was on his own as far as his college expenses were concerned. He could earn about half of what he needed from summer and part-time jobs and borrow the other half from government student-loan programs, but he was usually a few months behind in his fraternity-house bill. Once, when it seemed he'd never get caught up, he went to his rich uncle—his father's older brother, who'd had the good fortune to have oil discovered on his farm—and asked for help. The uncle declared that he'd gladly lend the young man $500, provided he'd sign a pledge promising not to smoke or drink until graduation. As it happened, smoking cigarettes and drinking beer were basic to Stroup's collegiate life-style, so he declined the offer.
    Drinking would soon lead to Keith's downfall. First, in his sophomore year, there was a drunken frat-house prank in which he and some accomplices ordered pizzas sent to the sorority house across the street, then sneaked across to steal pizzas off the truck when it arrived. They were caught, and Stroup was put on probation. That summer, not wanting to go home to Dix, Stroup attended summer school. He rented an apartment and soon gave an informal rush party that was thrice illegal: It was off campus, beer was served, and women were present. Worse, a campus cop's son had attended and told his father, and the next thing Stroup knew he had been expelled from college for "conduct unbecoming a student."
    Stroup's world had collapsed. Overnight he had gone from BMOC to an embarrassment to his fraternity, an outcast, a reject. He was too stunned to do anything but flee. He headed west, lit out for the territory, like Huck Finn. In later years he would see his expulsion from the university as the first step in his radicalization. Broke, disgraced, jobless, hitchhiking west, he wanted to think something was wrong, that the university had been hypocritical, that he was being punished unfairly for doing what everyone did, for drinking beer and chasing girls. But he had no support for his resentment. His friends, his family, his fraternity brothers—all accepted that he had broken the rules and had been justly punished. And the social conformism of the time was such that he was half convinced they were right.
    He caught a ride to Portland and found a job repossessing furniture for a loan company. But there was no future in that, and when the university refused to readmit him the next semester, he hit upon a fallback position: He joined the Peace Corps.
    Stroup had not been much impressed by the Kennedys or caught up in the liberal idealism of the New Frontier. His interest was campus politics, not national politics. He and a fraternity brother had attended the first big civil-rights march on the University of Illinois campus, but as observers rather than participants. It was a candlelight procession in honor of some murdered civil-rights workers, and Stroup thought it moving but not particularly relevant to his life. In 1964 he would be vaguely pro-Goldwater.
    Stroup's joining the Peace Corps was less a political statement than a shrewd social move. If he couldn't get back into college, the Peace Corps would give him a certain status, certainly more than he would gain repossessing furniture in Portland.
    The Peace Corps sent him to New Mexico to train for "rural community action" in Colombia. It was not a prize assignment; from what he could determine, his community action would consist of building public toilets. He soon noticed that everyone in his training class was a loser of some sort—college dropouts, like himself; people of dubious intellectual achievement—and that there were other classes in which the bright, young Ivy Leaguers trained for the showcase projects. The truth dawned: "They've put me in a class full of fuck-ups," Stroup raged, unable to accept the possibility that he was himself something of a fuck-up. Furious, he quit the Peace Corps. Told he had to write a letter of explanation to get severence pay, Stroup gladly responded with a five-page denunciation of the testing and classification program that had, as he saw it, failed to recognize his talents. It was the first of many disagreements he would have with the government.
    He attended a small college in Kentucky for a semester, sometimes bootlegging beer and whiskey for spending money, and in time the University of Illinois readmitted him. Stroup's fraternity brothers, far from welcoming him back, still considered him an embarrassment, his illegal party having got the fraternity in trouble. Stroup lived in the frat house for a while, but having seen the real world, he was no longer impressed by the Joe College world. He was running a Texaco station part-time, and it amused him to show up for meals in his grimy overalls while his fraternity brothers were trying to impress their dates.
    He was as resentful toward the university as he was toward his fraternity. He was on probation, obliged to report to the dean once a month, like an ex-convict reporting to his parole officer. By then, Stroup cared only about getting his degree. He did, in August of 1965, and he left the next day for Washington, D.C. "I got the fuck out of the Midwest without a wasted minute," he would later recall.
    In Washington he quickly enrolled in law school at Georgetown University, found an apartment, got another government loan to help with expenses, and dropped by Senator Dirksen's office. There, playing on his father's political contacts, he talked his way into a $50-a-week job as an office boy. It was menial work, but it provided him a useful view of Capitol Hill, and a sense of how Congress operates, and left him in no great awe of the people there. Senator Dirksen himself—the Republican leader, the silver-tongued orator, his father's great hero—struck Stroup as a comic character at best and an incoherent old drunk at worst. "This man is helping run the country?" he would ask himself. It amused him greatly one day, while operating the machine that signed the senator's name to his letters, to spot a letter to his father and to scribble at the bottom "Hey, Dad, you didn't think he signed them, did you?"
    The next summer, when Stroup was seeking a better-paying job, someone in Dirksen's office suggested that he contact the senator's friend Bobby Baker about a job at Baker's Carousel Hotel, in Ocean City, Maryland.
    Bobby Baker was under indictment then, awaiting trial on the tax-evasion and other charges that would eventually send him to prison, but he remained a popular, legendary figure in Washington. He was a child of the Senate. He had gone there as a teenager, from his home in Pickens, South Carolina, to be a page, and while still in his twenties he had become the protégé of the powerful Senate majority leader, Lyndon Johnson. Baker was famous for his detailed knowledge of the senators—their pet projects, their likes and dislikes, which way they might lean on a given issue. And he knew, too, which senator liked a drink, which had a roving eye, which might be interested in a profitable business deal. He was a smart, charming, ingratiating young man, a reflection of the Senate's darker side, perhaps, but a man who in his prime understood the realities of Washington as well as anyone of his generation.
    Stroup and Baker hit it off, and Stroup was hired to wait tables at Baker's hotel. Soon he advanced to manager of the hotel's nightclub, and at the end of the summer Baker offered him a job in his Washington office, the one that handled his various business interests. Baker saw in Stroup the same instinctive political skill that he himself had brought to Washington some years before, and Stroup, for his part, liked Baker and was tempted by his offer. They were, indeed, a great deal alike, enough alike for Stroup to realize that Baker, however charming, was in a lot of trouble, and definitely not someone to hitch his wagon to. So he thanked the older man and returned to law school.
    Something else happened to Stroup in Ocean City that summer: He fell in love.
    Her name was Kelly Flook. She was dark-haired, vivacious, and very pretty, and in some ways she was much like Stroup. She, too, had grown up on a farm—near Jefferson, Maryland—had gone off to college at the state university, and was something of a rebel, or at least she wanted to be. She had been a tomboy, an independent, outgoing girl who grew up driving a tractor, and by her high-school years she was dreaming of a career as an interior decorator. But when she went off to college, her parents convinced her that this wasn't realistic, that she was destined to be a wife and mother. In those pre-feminist days the advice seemed indisputable, so Kelly chose to be a home-economics major, vowing that if she was to be a housewife, she would learn to be the best. Then she took a summer job as a waitress in Ocean City and fell in love with Keith Stroup.
    He seemed to be just the husband she'd dreamed of. He was bright and funny and attractive, clearly destined to be a great success as a lawyer, and he shared her goals of a family, a comfortable home, a good life. At the summer's end she returned to Washington to live with Stroup while she finished college at the nearby University of Maryland and he completed his second year of law school.
    The next summer Stroup worked for a lawyer he knew in Mount Vernon, back in Illinois. The lawyer made a great deal of money, more than $100,000 a year, and at the end of the summer he offered Stroup a job and said he would make him a partner in two years. It was a tempting offer financially, and it fit perfectly with what for several years had been Stroup's general plan: to return home, practice law, and then go into politics, perhaps by running for Congress. But now, facing a decision, he realized he couldn't go home again. He saw Southern Illinois as a cultural wasteland. He couldn't live there, not for a million dollars a year. He was hooked on Washington, on its glitter and intrigue, and the only question was what niche he might find for himself there.
    While he worked for the Mount Vernon lawyer that summer, Kelly came out to spend a month with him. They were to be married at the end of the summer, and this was a chance for her to be with Keith and to get to know his parents. The encounter did not turn out ideally, at least as far as Keith's mother was concerned. Mrs. Stroup was not sure her son should be marrying so early, she didn't approve of Kelly's long hair, and she definitely disapproved of the young couple's living together under her roof before their marriage. By the time the summer was over, Kelly had come to see her future in-laws quite differently from the way Keith did. He saw his father as crude and oppressive, and his mother as a kind, long-suffering Christian, but Kelly saw Mr. Stroup as a warm, good-natured man, a man who liked a drink and a laugh, and Mrs. Stroup as cold and narrow-minded, always trying to force her strict religious views on others. Kelly could never understand why Keith resented his father so, because, as she saw it, if you allowed for the generational difference, Keith was his father, in the way he liked to drink, to joke, to talk about politics.
    There was a problem as the newlyweds settled into their first apartment and Stroup completed law school: The nation was at war, and as Stroup's graduation neared, his most urgent priority was to avoid the military draft. Two of his college fraternity brothers had already died in Vietnam, and he wanted no part of the war. He hoped to win some kind of deferment, but they kept changing the rules; deferments for both marriage and fatherhood had been discontinued. If he couldn't get a deferment, he knew an anti-war psychiatrist who would testify he was homosexual. If that failed, he planned to go to Canada. He was annoyed when Kelly said she'd rather go to Canada than have him say he was gay; after all, she knew better than anyone that he was not.
    The fact that a rather straight, rather conservative, and devoutly heterosexual young law student would consider fleeing the country or declaring himself homosexual suggests the desperation that millions of young men felt in those days. There are few things like the prospect of an early death in a distant land to cause young people to rethink their political assumptions. Stroup had always been preoccupied with looking out for himself, but the war forced him to think for the first time in generational terms. In law school Stroup had been exposed to liberal ideas and had begun to find new heroes. One was Phil Hirschkop, a recent Georgetown Law graduate who was making a name for himself representing leaders of the anti-war movement. Stroup and other law students who were threatened by the draft began to attend anti-war rallies and to look for leadership to the Hirschkops and Naders and others who were challenging the government on every possible front.
    Stroup and many of the lawyers of his generation were, in fact, professional mutants. They had been trained to serve the American establishment, but the war had forced them to be anti-establishment. They remained intensely competitive, but prestige had become not a high-paying job with a major law firm but rather a low-paying job with Ralph Nader or some other public-interest cause. The war produced a generation of reformers; Stroup, when he eventually seized upon the marijuana issue to make his name, was only one of the more colorful of them.
    When Stroup saw a note on the law-school bulletin board that the newly formed National Commission on Product Safety was interviewing, he was quick to respond. The most urgent reason was his hope that it might qualify him for a "critical skills" deferment from the draft. A secondary reason was a sense that the commission's pro-consumer role appealed to his budding liberalism. After he was hired as one of four young lawyers on the commission, he found out that two of the other three had applied, as he had, in hopes of a deferment. He and another lawyer from the commission, Stuart Statler, consulted a draft lawyer who, after hearing their stories, laughed and said, "Fellows, there's no way they can draft you." They would apply for a critical-skills deferment; if that failed, they would seek conscientious objector status; and by the time all appeals had been exhausted, they would be beyond draft age. As it turned out, Stroup's draft board back in Mount Vernon granted his critical-skills deferment without debate. Too many hometown boys had died in Vietnam, and the draft board was exempting anyone it could.
    Safe from the draft, Stroup could concentrate on his new job. The Product Safety Commission was called for by President Johnson and created by Congress, but its spiritual father was Ralph Nader, that unique political genius who in a few years had forged the American consumer movement into a major political force. The commission, which had only a two-year mandate, was feared and bitterly resisted by industry, and it soon began to investigate and publicize such problems as soft-drink bottles that exploded, toys that harmed children, and lawn mowers that maimed people.
    Stroup soon joined the pro-consumer faction on the commission's staff. Consumerism seemed to him to follow logically from his anti-war position: People had a right to buy soft drinks in bottles that did not explode in their faces, just as they had a right not to be sent to die in a senseless war. It was David versus Goliath in either case: the average guy versus big government and big industry. For Stroup, two years with the Product Safety Commission was like a graduate course in practical politics. He and the other pro-consumer staff members planned their strategy sub rosa with Nader and with Michael Pertschuk, an influential Senate aide who later became a controversial chairman of the Federal Trade Commission. Stroup learned how the commission's public hearings could be stacked, one way or the other, by the choice of witnesses. He learned how important it was to make your case with dramatic photogenic examples that would attract the media, like that of the little black girl who'd been blinded by an exploding bottle. He learned how a low-level staff member could outflank his boss by a timely leak to Jack Anderson or to some other columnist. That was the most lasting lesson he learned—the power of the media, the art of the leak—and he would make ample use of it soon, when he started his lobby for the consumers of marijuana.
    Something else was contributing to Stroup's thinking by the end of the decade: He was becoming a regular marijuana smoker.
    In college he'd been vaguely aware that a few students smoked marijuana, but they'd been considered the artsy-craftsy crowd, oddballs. Stroup's only drug use in college—except for beer and whiskey, which of course weren't thought of as drugs—had been the amphetamine pills that he and some of his fraternity brothers had used to stay awake and study for exams. They had got them from another fraternity brother, a football player who had an unlimited supply and who therefore made a little spending money by selling them. Stroup and a few friends soon realized that the pills—"black beauties," they were called—not only kept you awake but gave you a fine sense of euphoria, and once in a while they took them just to get high. But booze remained by far his and his friends' drug of choice in college.
    He smoked marijuana a few times in law school without ever getting high. At the commission, however, he became friends with another young man who introduced him to serious smoking and who, in time, would become his partner in NORML: Larry Schott, who had made his way to the Product Safety Commission for the good and simple reason that he had married a senator's daughter. Schott, who was a few years older than Stroup, was a black-haired, dark-complexioned man of Alsatian ancestry who had grown up in a small town near Indianapolis, where his father was a tool-and-die maker in a GM plant. After high school Schott went to work for the telephone company, and he might have continued there except that in 1961, so as not to be drafted, he joined the National Guard. During his six months of training he met a lot of college boys, and he decided to enter college himself. At age twenty-one he entered Indiana University, where he soon met and married a young woman named Sandy Hartke, whose father was the state's maverick Democratic senator, Vance Hartke.
    In 1964, Larry and Sandy moved to Washington, where he enrolled m the University of Maryland, from which he later graduated. Then, with a boost from his father-in-law, he became the Product Safety Commission's chief investigator. Schott and Stroup soon became close friends. Many of their colleagues at the commission were Easterners, Ivy Leaguers, often Jews, and they felt a special kinship as two young Midwesterners from working-class backgrounds. Keith and Kelly had moved to a town-house development in suburban Fairfax County, and Schott often visited them there, sometimes bringing his friend Joe Sharp, a short, muscular, good-natured man with long red hair. Joe had sold cars and real estate in the Washington area and was starting to sell marijuana. The first time Stroup got really high—so high he couldn't sleep that night—it was from eating marijuana brownies made with Joe Sharp's dope. Another time he and Kelly smoked while playing bridge with some friends. They hadn't even mastered the art of rolling joints, but someone had an old cigarette-rolling machine. Soon they were stoned, and the bridge game was forgotten. Keith rocked so obsessively in a rocking chair that the chair broke. Then he became convinced that someone was about to murder his and Kelly's new daughter, and he raced home to save her. At another party they got so high that the walls seemed to be closing in, and they all ran out into the street for safety. Another time, Larry Schott, Joe Sharp, and a friend of Joe's, a long-haired, tough-looking biker named Ronnie, came to dinner. Kelly prepared her specialty, roast duck, but they all got stoned before dinner, and someone dropped the duck, and then Stroup became paranoid, convinced that Ronnie was going to kill them all. After a few parties like that the neighbors began to grumble, and one evening someone yelled in their door "Fucking hippies"—which upset Keith and Kelly, who were, after all, hardworking, respectable, middle-class Americans.
    In fact, Stroup was getting into the marijuana culture. He and his friends were spending less time playing bridge in their suburban apartment and more time getting high and going into Washington to see Fantasia or Yellow Submarine. He had never owned any sound system more elaborate than a clock radio, but after the first time he got high and listened to rock music on Schott's expensive stereo, he hurried out to buy one of his own. Guided by Larry Schott and Joe Sharp, he began to attend rock concerts by the Rolling Stones, Neil Young, Elton John, and Leon Russell, and to find out that rock music often reflected his own views on politics and drugs.
    Marijuana was an all-purpose drug. It made you laugh, it made sex seem better, and it had political significance as well. Stroup not only quit drinking whiskey but came to scorn it. The first time Joe Sharp brought an ounce of dope by the commission's office to share with them, they knew it was a symbolic moment: They might be working for the government, but they would defy it, too, scorn its rules and regulations. Stroup and Schott began to let their hair grow longer; their sideburns were down to their earlobes and sinking fast. They were caught up in a political rebellion along with millions of other young Americans. They were turning on, and if not quite dropping out, they were at least covertly rejecting a society that supported the war and chose Richard Nixon as its leader.
    Keith and Kelly moved in the summer of 1970 from their rented suburban town house to a house at 2105 N Street NW, in Washington. Stroup had decided that the suburbs were sterile, the habitat of Nixon's "silent majority"; Kelly felt isolated there, alone all day with her infant daughter. Kelly's uncle had left her $10,000, and they used half of it for a down payment on the new house, which was located in a racially mixed neighborhood, a mile or so from the White House. Soon, as the great Washington anti-war rallies were held, Stroup would invite demonstrators to camp out on their floor. At the appointed hour they would all smoke some grass and then go march and chant and shake their fists at Richard Nixon.
    One day Joe Sharp was arrested while driving his Volkswagen van in Washington. He was stopped for a traffic violation, and the police found a small amount of marijuana in the van. He called Stroup, who went and bailed him out. Stroup was outraged at the way his friend has been treated. As he saw it, Joe had been stopped arbitrarily, because he had long hair and was driving a van with a peace sticker on it. The incident caused Stroup to focus for the first time on the marijuana issue. He knew, as everyone did, that tens of thousands of young people were being arrested each year on marijuana charges; Joe's arrest had simply made that fact personal for him. It infuriated him to think that he was classified as a criminal by the marijuana laws, and that he could be arrested, jailed, perhaps fired from his job, all for using what he viewed as a mild intoxicant.
    Law students were taught that for every wrong there is a remedy, and it seemed to Stroup that marijuana smokers were the victims of a great social wrong. Joe Sharp had won his case, on the grounds of an illegal search, but you obviously couldn't fight the government on a case-by-case basis. There should be some way to help marijuana smokers as a group, as Nader had helped consumers as a group, but for the moment Stroup could not see what it was.
    As 1970 began, Stroup and Schott, who had by then separated from Sandy, faced a more urgent problem than the marijuana laws. The Product Safety Commission was going out of business that summer, and they would be out of a job. As he pondered his future, Stroup realized that he was pulled in opposite directions, caught between cultures. Part of him still cherished conventional goals, but another part was drawn toward public-interest law, something like what Nader had done, something anti-establishment, but he didn't know what.
    Stroup and Schott often discussed some kind of marijuana project. Perhaps a Nader-style program to change the laws. But how would you finance it? Perhaps some kind of "bust insurance," to pay for bond and legal fees for persons arrested. They even discussed the idea of producing a marijuana-related board game, a smoker's Monopoly. Stroup had other, non-marijuana-related ideas as well, for the idea of making a lot of money was very attractive to him. One was for a pizza-franchise business. Another was a scheme to fly women to London for legal abortions. Another involved pork bellies. Then, on the Fourth of July 1970, one of his get-rich-quick schemes blew up in his face.
    He persuaded Kelly to let him invest $5000 of her money with Joe Sharp, who would go to California and bring back several hundred pounds of marijuana. Stroup hoped to double his investment. But once Joe headed for California, the jitters began. He was supposed to be back in five days, but he wasn't heard from for ten. Stroup was in panic when Joe finally called. Everything was fine, he said. He'd just been doing a little partying on the Coast. He was home, and the trip had been a great success. Stroup breathed a sigh of relief
    Joe, reflecting his business success, had rented a comfortable house in a respectable neighborhood in Arlington, Virginia. Unfortunately, he, his flashy new car, and the company he kept were all quite conspicuous in the neighborhood. The postman had warned Joe that police were watching his house, but he ignored the warnings, and on the Fourth of July, soon after his return from California, the police, armed with shotguns, raided Joe's house, arrested everyone there, and seized several pounds of marijuana.
    Keith and Kelly had been invited to spend the Fourth at Joe's house, but they had gone to Ocean City instead, to spend a few days at the Carousel Hotel. When Stroup got a phone call that evening, telling him of Joe's arrest, he was close to hysteria. If Joe named him as one of his partners, he would be arrested, jailed, ruined. He imagined the police breaking down his door at any moment. He and Kelly were staying in a room with a balcony overlooking the ocean. It was a stormy night, and Stroup spent hours on the balcony, watching lightning flash above the churning sea, almost ready to jump. Should he flee? Or give himself up? What would happen to his family? There were tears, embraces, promises: If he got out of this mess, he would never smoke again, never even look at marijuana again.
    Around midnight there was a knock at the door. Stroup grimly opened the door, expecting the police, but instead it was Joe, grinning his mad doper's grin. Everything was cool. He had made bond. He would never rat on his friends. The police hadn't even got all the dope; most of it was safely hidden in a "stash house." Stroup would even get his money back. Stroup felt as if he'd been raised from the dead. There were tears, handshakes, laughter. Finally, Joe produced some of his California grass and they all got stoned.
    When Stroup's job at the Product Safety Commission came to an end that summer, he moved to a $16,000-a-year position with the American Pharmaceutical Association, a lobby for the nation's pharmacists. He never took the job very seriously, for by then he was obsessed with starting some sort of marijuana-law project, and he and Schott were starting to spend all their spare time seeking out ideas and support for the new venture.
    One thing Stroup and Schott did not know, as they talked endlessly about the marijuana laws and how to change them, was that across America other people were thinking the same thing. In San Francisco a talented young man named Blair Newman was starting a nonprofit corporation called Amorphia, which was going to sell rolling papers and use the proceeds to work for marijuana-law reform.
    At about the same time, on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, two young lawyers named Guy Archer and Frank Fioramonti were talking about introducing a marijuana-legalization bill in the state legislature. Also in New York at that time, officials of the rich and prestigious Ford Foundation were concerned about the explosion of drug use in America and about the probability that the Nixon administration would respond to it only with negative, law-and-order programs. Their concern would soon lead to the creation of the Washington-based Drug Abuse Council, which would press for drug-law reform.
    By 1970 these groups and others were responding in different ways to the fact of widespread drug use and widespread imprisonment of drug users. Soon the various groups would discover one another. Sometimes they would form alliances; sometimes they would do battle for control of the emerging reform movement. But Stroup and Schott, as they planned their marijuana project, were unaware of the other reformers, and their plans drew upon their own experience as young men in Washington: Nader's example, their work at the Product Safety Commission, their fairly sophisticated understanding of the political process. They kept coming back to the idea of a Nader-style operation, a public-interest lobby, one that would represent straight, middle-class smokers like themselves, one that would use legal means to change what they saw as unjust laws.
    By the fall, Stroup even had a name for his proposed project: the National Organization to Repeal Marijuana Laws. Acronyms were fashionable, and NORML seemed a good one. Schott, more cautious, insisted the R should be "reform," not "repeal." No, Stroup declared, you had to be out front about it: They wanted repeal.
    One of the people Stroup turned to that fall, as he sought advice and encouragement, was a former attorney general, Ramsey Clark. He had read Clark's book, Crime in America, and had been deeply impressed, not simply by Clark's call for legalization of marijuana but by Clark's compassion and social vision. In his darker moments Stroup feared this whole idea for a marijuana-law-reform program was crazy, but if Ramsey Clark thought it made sense, then perhaps it would be worth pursuing.
    Ramsey Clark was then one of the most controversial men in America. He was a tall, jug-eared Texan who as Lyndon Johnson's attorney general had championed the legal rights of the poor and called for an end to wiretapping, for tighter gun controls, and for the abolition of the death penalty. Richard Nixon, running for president on a law-and-order platform in 1968, largely ran against Clark, who became Nixon's symbol of the "jellyfish" liberal who was not tough on crime and criminals.
    Clark had a law office in Washington. He also had a secretary who was very skeptical about callers who wanted to talk about marijuana. Eventually Stroup talked his way past her, however, for the first of what became several conversations with Clark. To Stroup's immense relief, Clark took his plan seriously. In essence what Clark said was this: Do it. What do you have to lose? You're a lawyer, and if it doesn't work, you can always do something else. But if you believe in your idea and you don't give it a try, you'll regret it the rest of your life.
    Once, speaking of the opposition Stroup might expect, Clark reflected on the criticism he had received when, after leaving office, he visited Hanoi with a group of anti-war leaders. He viewed this as a mission of peace, but when he returned, he was confronted by reporters asking if he wasn't a traitor, if he hadn't given aid and comfort to America's enemy. Clark recalled the outrage, the helpless fury, he had felt, the same kind of anger and frustration he had felt when Martin Luther King was killed. But you can take the criticism if you know you're right, Clark said. It can be tough, but you can take it.
    Clark had one specific suggestion: Make it the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws, not Repeal. "Repeal" was a scare word, Clark cautioned, but there was a long and honorable tradition of political reform in the United States. Stroup had been unconvinced when Larry Schott made the same suggestion, but he followed Clark's advice at once.
    Clark gave Stroup the names of six or eight small foundations that might support his project. Stroup quickly approached them all, and one by one they turned him down. It was a discouraging time. Marijuana-law reform was too hot an issue for these traditional supporters of liberal causes. Then, one Sunday afternoon, Keith and Kelly went for a walk and dropped by Ralph Nader's office, and a lawyer named John Esposito asked if they'd tried the Playboy Foundation.
    Stroup had never heard of the Playboy Foundation, but he was soon on the phone with its staff director, Margaret Standish. By early February, Playboy had dispatched one of its senior executives, Bob Gutwillig, to Washington for a talk with Stroup, Schott, and a third young man who had joined forces with them, Larry Dubois.
    Dubois was a writer, a tall, thin, bearded, energetic man of about Stroup's age who had attended Princeton, worked in Time's Washington bureau, and then set out on a free-lance career. The way he and Stroup met was typical of the way Stroup was operating that winter. Keith had read a book called Marijuana: The New Prohibition, by John Kaplan, a law professor at Stanford. Kaplan, a political conservative, had been hired by Gov. Ronald Reagan to recommend a new state marijuana policy. He studied the issue in depth and recommended that marijuana be made legal. Reagan quickly fired Kaplan, who published his report in book form. When Stroup called Kaplan, seeking ideas and support for NORML, Kaplan suggested that he seek out a "young conservative" named Dubois who had reviewed his book favorably for William Buckley's National Review. It turned out that Dubois lived not far from Stroup in Washington, and he was not a conservative at all but a liberal and a marijuana smoker who happened to have become friendly with Buckley. Dubois shared Stroup's enthusiasm for NORML, and he became Stroup's close friend and a member of NORML's board of directors.
    After the meeting with Gutwillig, Stroup submitted his proposed program, which included a pamphlet explaining the marijuana laws, a direct-mail fund-raising program, model legislation, a newsletter, and public-service television spots. Stroup asked for about $20,000 for the first six months of the program. Also, he counted on a free advertisement in Playboy to bring in tens of thousands of dollars more.
    Stroup was invited to come to Chicago and meet Hugh Hefner and members of the Playboy Foundation's board. Upon arrival he went to dinner with Burton Joseph, the Chicago lawyer who headed the foundation. Stroup proceeded to get drunk; as a committed smoker he had lost his capacity for alcohol. At noon the next day, as he waited, nervous and hung over, to see Hefner and the foundation's board of directors, Stroup met a slender, funny, fast-talking woman who would soon become important in his life: Bobbie Arnstein, Hefner's executive assistant, who reassured him that Hefner was extremely interested in his proposal. Why else would he have got up for a noon meeting, which for Hefner was like getting up at dawn?
    As the meeting began and members of the foundation's board began to question him, it was clear that many of them were extremely skeptical about venturing into the marijuana controversy. All of which mattered not, because Hugh Hefner liked the idea of NORML, for reasons that were not immediately clear to some of the people who were close to him.
    Hefner was not at that time a frequent marijuana smoker. He would take an occasional puff if a friend passed a joint his way, but he did not keep marijuana for his personal use or allow its use in his mansions. Nor had America's growing marijuana controversy touched his very sheltered life. None of his friends had been busted for marijuana; nor did he have any reason to think the authorities would ever concern themselves with whatever occasional drug use might go on in his mansions. Still, he was aware that thousands of people were being arrested for smoking marijuana, and that fact outraged him, for reasons that were basic to Hefner's very complex nature.
    Hefner, looking back on his youth in a 1980 interview, recalled two great influences on his boyhood. One was a strict Midwestern Methodist upbringing that left him sexually repressed, with a deep, painful conflict between his emotional needs and his acquired sense of right and wrong. As Hefner saw it, he had spent his adult life freeing himself from puritanical sexual repression, and he had, through his magazine, helped millions of other Americans fight that same battle for sexual liberation.
    The other great influence on the young Hefner was movies. As a teenager he had been an usher in a movie theater, and Hollywood's world of illusion often seemed more real to him than the world that awaited him outside the theater. Of the hundreds of movies he saw, none made a greater impression on him than those of Frank Capra. In Capra's films, such as Mr. Smith Goes to Washington and Meet John Doe, the hero was always a lone idealist who challenged the powers that be. That became Hugh Hefner's vision of the future: of himself, no longer young and lonely and uncertain and anonymous but a knight on a white charger who would slay the dragons of intolerance and, not incidentally, win the fair princess who awaited him in some shining tower.
    Hefner had, as an adult, acted out his boyish fantasies to a remarkable degree—not only his sexual fantasies, although it was for those that he was most famous, but also his political fantasies of the lone crusader. In founding Playboy, he successfully challenged the obscenity laws. His Playboy Foundation challenged the sex laws that in many states were used to jail homosexuals or even heterosexuals who had engaged in "crimes against nature." Thus, to Hefner, a challenge to the marijuana laws was consistent with his commitment to the cause of individual freedom.
    He therefore instructed his foundation to support NORML. But because he was a cautious man and his commitment was to the issue, not to Stroup or NORML, he advised going slowly. Thus, a few days later, Stroup got a call from Burton Joseph that shocked him. The foundation would give him $5000 to get started.
    "Five thousand dollars?" Stroup raged. "Do you think I'm going to quit my job and go out into the cold, cruel world for five thousand dollars?" Joseph assured him that the five thousand was just a start, that if he did a good job, there would be more money. Stroup was uncertain. He had envisioned an $18,000 salary for himself and enough money to guarantee at least a year's program. If NORML folded, he might lose his house, and he wondered if any respectable law firm would hire a failed marijuana lobbyist. He was burning a lot of bridges for $5000. He talked to Schott and Dubois, and they encouraged him. But they were not the ones taking the chance. Finally he made his decision: He would do it. The money arrived, he quit his job, and NORML was in business.

Chapter 3