On a good trip the LSD voyager may feel he has penetrated to the
godhead itself. But is it really the godhead he sees? Or is it
the Medusa?
Before we describe what LSD does, let us first ask what it is.
That is a much easier question to handle, admittedly, and it is
mildly ironic that this is so. Where the mysteries of nature are
concerned, the situation is usually reversed, as Bertrand Russell
has pointed out in the case of electricity. Science can describe
very accurately what electricity does but hasn't the foggiest
notion what it really is. As for LSD, it is a synthetic drug:
d-lysergic acid diethylamide tartrate, compounded from a constituent
of a rye fungus known as ergot. Its general history by now is
a twice-told tale and then some, so we shall be brief about it.
LSD was first synthesized in 1938 by Dr. Albert Hofmann, a biochemist
at the Sandoz pharmaceutical firm in Basel, Switzerland; but the
scientist did not know what he had created until 1943, when he
accidentally inhaled or otherwise absorbed a small amount of LSD
and thus discovered the drug's curious properties. It produced
uncanny distortions of space and time and hallucinations that
were weird beyond belief. It also produced a state of mind in
which the objective world appeared to take on a new and different
meaning. These effects, and the agents which produce them, are
now referred to as psychedelic —a generic term which means "mind
manifesting," which in turn means nothing. The word has come
into common usage simply because of its neutral connotation; due
to the controversy involved, it is the only word so far that all
sides have been willing to accept. It is used as both noun and
adjective.
Unlike heroin, opium, and alcohol, LSD apparently is not addictive.
This means simply that prolonged use of the drug, so far as we
can tell at this time, does not create a physiological
craving or dependency based on changes in a subject's body chemistry—changes
that are produced by liquor and junk—and there are no physiological
withdrawal symptoms when use of the drug is terminated. LSD on
the other hand may be psychologically habituating; but
this, after all, can also be said of chewing gum and television.
There are literally scores of psychedelic substances, natural
and synthetic, and LSD is only one of many agents capable of producing
a full-fledged psychedelic experience. Identical effects can be
obtained from Indian hemp and its derivatives, including hashish;
from the peyote cactus and its extract, mescaline; from a Mexican
mushroom and its laboratory counterpart, psilocybin, which Dr.
Hofmann synthesized in 1958. Hemp and peyote have been used as
psychedelics for centuries, and mescaline was on the market before
the turn of the century. LSD's uniqueness lies in the fact that
it is very easy to make— and mega-potent. According to the Food
and Drug Administration, a single gram of LSD can provide up to
ten thousand doses, each of them capable of producing an experience
lasting up to twelve hours or longer.
Scientists seized upon the drug as a tool for research and therapy,
and literally thousands of technical papers have been devoted
to it. Since LSD appeared to mimic some symptoms of psychosis,
it offered possible insights into the sufferings of mental patients—although
psychotherapists later came to doubt that it produces what was
first referred to as a model psychosis. Preliminary research indicated
it might be useful in the treatment of alcoholism and neurosis,
and it also served to ease the anguish of terminal patients. In
small doses, in controlled situations, it appeared to enhance
creativity and productivity. But the public at large knew nothing
of LSD until 1963, when two professors, Timothy Leary and Richard
Alpert, lost their posts at Harvard University in the wake of
charges that they had involved students in reckless experiments
with the drug. Leary went on to become more or less the titular
leader of the drug movement, in which capacity he soon ran afoul
of the law, and the movement spread to campuses and cities across
the country. By and large, it seemed at first to develop as a
middle-class phenomenon, attracting to its ranks mainly students
and intellectuals, liberal ministers, artists and professional
people, as well as bearded pariahs. Official panic provoked a
wave of legislation which ended or seriously hindered almost all
legitimate research programs; the legislation did little or nothing
to discourage the drug movement, which received its supplies from
black market sources.
Depending upon the point of view, Dr. Hofmann assumed the role
of a Prometheus or Pandora. In correspondence I once asked him
if he sometimes felt like the latter, to which he replied: "In
my opinion, every discovery in the field of natural science is
to be positively viewed, and thus also the discovery of LSD. If
one wishes to deplore the discovery of LSD, then one must also
view the discovery of morphine negatively, for morphine, one of
the most valuable gifts of pharmacy, is just as dangerous and
destructive as LSD when used improperly. There are no forces in
the universe that are bad in themselves. It is always up to man
whether he will make good or bad use of them." And if Dr.
Hofmann's words have a familiar ring, perhaps they are reminiscent
of the statements nuclear physicists were making in 1945.
LSD is a colorless, odorless, tasteless drug. It is taken orally
for the most part, and the precise nature of its action upon the
brain and nervous system has not been determined. It is believed,
however, that only a minute portion of the tiny dose ever reaches
the brain, and even this disappears in less than an hour. Possibly,
then, LSD sets off a reaction which continues long after the drug
itself has been dissipated. As Dr. Sidney Cohen, a leading medical
authority on LSD, expressed it, "The drug acts to trigger
a chain of metabolic processes which then proceed to exert an
effect for many hours afterward." In hipsters' terminology,
the subject is "turned on." And the experience begins.
The nature of the experience will depend on countless factors,
which are commonly summed up as "set" and "setting":
that is, the mood of the subject and the environment in which
the drug is administered. The subject becomes highly suggestible,
and the slightest false note can result in the nightmare of a
bad trip. Most experiences will include a hallucinatory period,
in which fantastic visions occur, and in some cases it is possible
to see sounds and hear colors—the result of sensory short-circuiting,
referred to in the literature as synesthesia. One subject reported
that he could taste the categorical imperative (which he said
was something like veal). These very weird effects have received
considerable publicity; when they are pleasurable, they—and
sometimes sexual stimulation—constitute what may be regarded
as the "kicks" aspect of LSD. But the drug movement
cultists are not concerned with kicks in this sense. Skilled travelers
say they can avoid the hallucinatory period altogether and thus
are able to achieve and prolong the "central experience."
There does appear to be such an experience, and this is what the
cultists refer to when they speak of a good trip. It does not
always occur, and some people may never achieve it; it must be
sought after, perhaps, and expectation may be a significant factor
in its production. But it does exist, and it is the very basis
of the cult.
From various sources, then, let us see if we can construct a typology
of this central or core experience. While the problems of description
are notorious, in most cases the mind will appear to operate at
a new level of consciousness in which:
1. The sense of self or personal ego is utterly lost. Awareness
of individual identity evaporates. "I" and "me"
are no more. Subject-object relationships dissolve, and the world
no longer ends at one's fingertips: the world is simply an extension
of the body, or the mind. The world shimmers, as if it were charged
with a high-voltage current, and the subject feels he could melt
into walls, trees, other persons. It is not that the world lacks
substance; it is real, but one is somehow conterminous with it.
And it is fluid, shifting. One is keenly aware of the atomic substructure
of reality; he can feel the spinning motion of the electrons in
what he used to call his body, and he senses the incredible emptiness
that lies within the atoms, where the electron planets circle
their proton suns at distances which are comparably as vast as
those in the solar system itself. Thus it seems only natural that
one could pass through a wall, if only it were possible to get
all the atoms lined up properly for just one moment. In the vastness
of outer space, is it not a fact that billion-starred galaxies
are able to drift through each other like clouds of smoke or astral
ghosts, without the single collision of one star with another?
As for identity, it is not really lost. On the contrary, it is
found; it is expanded to include all that is seen and all that
is not seen. What occurs is simply depersonalization. The subject
looks back on his pre-drug existence as some sort of game or make-believe
in which, for some reason, he had felt called upon to assume the
reduced identity or smaller self called "I." Being had
concentrated its attention at a single point in order to create,
and play, the game of writer, banker, cat burglar. Or so it now
seems. If there is any analogy to this in normal existence, is
it not perhaps the moment when one awakens from sleep? In that
case, what is the first thing one asks oneself? "Where am
I?" Or isn't it rather, "Who am I?" And then, in
an effort of will, attention is concentrated to re-create the
role that was lost in sleep. Thus in the drug experience, as in
sleep, the normal state of tension is relaxed. Home at last, after
that dreadful party, Being slips out of her stays, so to speak,
and breathes an ontological sigh of celestial relief. Consciousness
is allowed to scatter, and the subject at last can be Himself
again.
The subject is somehow united with the Ground of his Being, with
the life force that has created the visible world. He remembers.
And what he remembers is the true identity that underlies all
the individual egos of the world. He is one again with the universe,
the eternal, the Absolute.
He has found himself again. He is made whole again. That which
he once knew, he has remembered.
(But when did he know it? And when did he forget?)
2. Time stops. Or, in any case, it ceases to be important. And
perhaps it would be more accurate to say that memory and forethought
stop. The subject is content to exist in the moment— in the
here and now. And time has no meaning in the here and now. Bergson
suggested that the sense of time consists simply of arrests of
our attention. Seconds and minutes do not really exist; they are
artificially created "immobilities" dreamed up by science,
which is unable to comprehend flux, mobility, or the dynamic character
of life itself. Installed within true movement, said Bergson,
the mind would lose its normal sense of time, since the normal
function of the intellect is to foresee, so as to act upon things.
"We must strive to see in order to see," he said, "and
no longer to see in order to act." This is precisely what
happens in the psychedelic experience, where forethought is anesthetized.
Without forethought there is no anticipation. Without anticipation
there is no desire. And time stops.
3. Words lose all meaning. In the here and now there are no abstractions.
An object represents only that which it is. It is perceived as
a Ding-an-Sich, a thing-in-itself, and it matters not whether
Kant said that sort of perception is impossible. Kant never took
LSD. If he had, he would have known that rose is a rose is a rose
is a rose.
The same feeling is captured in childhood perhaps. As Wordsworth
wrote, recalling his boyish days when nature was all in all:
. . . I cannot paint
What then I was. The sounding cataract
Haunted me like a passion: the tall rock,
The mountain, and the deep and gloomy wood,
Their colours and their forms, were then to me
An appetite; a feeling and a love,
That had no need of a remoter charm,
By thought supplied, nor any interest
Unborrowed from the eye.—That time is past,
And all its aching joys are now no more,
And all its dizzy raptures.